January 2018 ~ Edukasi Elektromedik

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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><i><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jangan Lupa Sertakan Sumber Saat Copy Paste, TInggalkan Like dan Ikuti Blog Untuk Update Info, Kunjungi Blog Pertama Admin <a href="https://hwp-fun-art.blogspot.co.id/" target="_blank">KLIK DISINI </a></span></span></i></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><i><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></i> </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LAPORAN
PRAKTIKUM</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> ELEKTRONIKA TERAPAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">SISTEM RANGKAIAN PENGHITUNG JUMLAH
FILM PADA ALAT APF </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(AUTOMATIC PROCESSING FILM)</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">                  
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">TU</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">JUAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Agar
mahasiswa dapat mengetahui dan memahami proses pembuatan suatu aplikasi elektronika
terapan pada Rangkaian Penghitung Jumlah Film pada pesawat APF</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Agar
mahasiswa dapat memahami aplikasi dari optocoupler, penguat, komparator,
counter, decoder, dan seven segment</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">               
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ALAT dan BAHAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Power
Supply<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;">                                                 </span>1
buah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Project
Board<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;">                                                  </span>1
buah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sensor
Optocoupler<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;">                                        </span>1
buah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Resistor
100 </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ω</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;">                                                </span>2
buah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Resistor
1,2 k</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ω<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;">                                   </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">        </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> buah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Resistor
4,7 k</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ω<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;">                                          </span>4
buah</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Resistor
100 kΩ<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;">                                       </span>1
buah</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Capasitor
47 µF<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;">                                       </span>1
buah</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LM
741<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;">                                                     2 </span>buah</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LM
7493<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;">                                                   </span>1
buah</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LM
7447<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;">                                                   </span>1
buah</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LED
merah<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;">                                               </span>1
buah</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LED
hijau<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;">                                                 </span>1
buah</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Diode<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;">                                                        </span>2
buah</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sevent
segmen common anode<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">               </span>1 buah</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 175.5pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumper<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;">                                                      </span>secukupnya</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">            
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">RANGKAIAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">            
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DASAR
TEORI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apf</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Automatic </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">rocessing </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Film (APF)
adalah cara pemprosesan film secara konvensional dengan alat yang dapat
melakukan sebagai langkah pencucian film secara otomatis.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sensor Optocoupler<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUeguCn_RpilymA_WBtu4H3xYXcMfbql1yA1V9-H8g6MR3Ah4HEr4dlT6_-0l1m1KRFXmfIR9TSXLRw64TUtcNj3G6gPNDeaKOdfavPpBgcb4OQP-keMHCUmSWxjqjj8wJp0sEX7Zcoyw/s1600/apf2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="567" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUeguCn_RpilymA_WBtu4H3xYXcMfbql1yA1V9-H8g6MR3Ah4HEr4dlT6_-0l1m1KRFXmfIR9TSXLRw64TUtcNj3G6gPNDeaKOdfavPpBgcb4OQP-keMHCUmSWxjqjj8wJp0sEX7Zcoyw/s400/apf2.PNG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Optocoupler
adalah suatu piranti yang terdiri dari 2 bagian yaitu transmitter dan receiver,
yaitu antara bagian cahaya dengan bagian deteksi sumber cahaya terpisah. Biasanya
optocoupler digunakan sebagai saklar elektrik, yang bekerja secara otomatis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
dasarnya Optocoupler adalah suatu komponen penghubung (coupling) yang bekerja
berdasarkan picu cahaya optic. Optocoupler terdiri dari dua bagian yaitu:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
transmitter dibangun dari sebuah LED infra merah. Jika dibandingkan dengan
menggunakan LED biasa, LED infra merah memiliki ketahanan yang lebih baik
terhadap sinyal tampak. Cahaya yang dipancarkan oleh LED infra merah tidak
terlihat oleh mata telanjang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
bagian receiver dibangun dengan dasar komponen Photodiode. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Photodiode
merupakan suatu transistor yang peka terhadap tenaga cahaya. Suatu sumber cahaya
menghasilkan energi panas, begitu pula dengan spektrum infra merah. Karena
spekrum inframerah mempunyai efek panas yang lebih besar dari cahaya tampak,
maka Photodiode lebih peka untuk menangkap radiasi dari sinar inframerah. Oleh
karena itu Optocoupler dapat dikatakan sebagai gabungan dari LED infra merah
dengan fototransistor yang terbungkus menjadi satu chips. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Cahaya
inframerah termasuk dalam gelombang elektromagnetik yang tidak tampak oleh mata
telanjang. Sinar ini tidak tampak oleh mata karena mempunyai panjang gelombang,
berkas cahaya yang terlalu panjang bagi tanggapan mata manusia. Sinar infra
merah mempunyai daerah frekuensi 1 x 1012 Hz sampai dengan 1 x 1014 GHz atau
daerah frekuensi dengan panjang gelombang 1μm – 1mm.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LED
infra merah ini merupakan komponen elektronika yang memancarkan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">cahaya
infra merah dengan konsumsi daya sangat kecil. Jika diberi bias maju, LED infra
merah yang terdapat pada optocoupler akan mengeluarkan panjang gelombang sekitar
0,9 mikrometer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses
terjadinya pancaran cahaya pada LED infra merah dalam optocoupler adalah
sebagai berikut. Saat dioda menghantarkan arus, elektron lepas dari ikatannya karena
memerlukan tenaga dari catu daya listrik. Setelah elektron lepas, banyak elektron
yang bergabung dengan lubang yang ada di sekitarnya (memasuki lubang lain yang
kosong). Pada saat masuk lubang yang lain, elektron melepaskan tenaga yang akan
diradiasikan dalam bentuk cahaya, sehingga dioda akan menyala atau memancarkan
cahaya pada saat dilewati arus. Cahaya infra merah yang terdapat pada optocoupler
tidak perlu lensa untuk memfokuskan cahaya karena dalam satu chip mempunyai
jarak yang dekat dengan penerimanya. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada
optocoupler yang bertugas sebagai penerima cahaya infra merah adalah
fototransistor. Fototransistor merupakan komponen elektronika yang berfungsi
sebagai detektor cahaya infra merah. Detektor cahaya ini mengubah efek cahaya
menjadi sinyal listrik, oleh sebab itu fototransistor termasuk dalam golongan
detektor optik. Fototransistor memiliki sambungan kolektor–basis yang besar
dengan cahaya infra merah, karena cahaya ini dapat membangkitkan pasangan
lubang elektron. Dengan diberi bias maju, cahaya yang masuk akan menimbulkan</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">arus pada kolektor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fototransistor
memiliki bahan utama yaitu germanium atau silikon yang sama dengan bahan
pembuat transistor. Tipe fototransistor juga sama dengan transistor pada
umumnya yaitu PNP dan NPN. Perbedaan transistor dengan fototransistor hanya
terletak pada dindingnya yang memungkinkan cahaya infra merah mengaktifkan
daerah basis, sedangkan transistor biasa ditempatkan pada dinding logam yang
tertutup.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Prinsip kerja</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
dari optocoupler adalah :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a.
Jika antara Photodiode dan LED terhalang maka Photodiode tersebut akan off sehingga
output dari kolektor akan berlogika high.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 85.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">b. Sebaliknya jika antara Photodiode dan
LED tidak terhalang maka Photodiode tersebut akan on sehingga outputnya akan
berlogika low.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai
piranti elektronika yang berfungsi sebagai pemisah antara rangkaian power
dengan rangkaian control. Komponen ini merupakan salah satu jenis komponen yang
memanfaatkan sinar sebagai pemicu on/off-nya. Opto berarti optic dan coupler berarti
pemicu. Sehingga bisa diartikan bahwa optocoupler merupakan suatu komponen yang
bekerja berdasarkan picu cahaya optic</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dasar
rangkaian dapat ditunjukkan seperti pada gambar dibawah ini:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQexzpLhboeCdE1oPYMRdSri7IdOFEqGiuMjj3QONawZJGC19xNRCpcQ8zOc25YlnxS_nyKStV8ckU15r2fqmfLO74cLp-f-E1jA6AjMsK8laLJvb_TR3E3f_445F_SbF_D15QcKSbmwE/s1600/apf3.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="156" data-original-width="202" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQexzpLhboeCdE1oPYMRdSri7IdOFEqGiuMjj3QONawZJGC19xNRCpcQ8zOc25YlnxS_nyKStV8ckU15r2fqmfLO74cLp-f-E1jA6AjMsK8laLJvb_TR3E3f_445F_SbF_D15QcKSbmwE/s200/apf3.PNG" width="200" /></a></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sensor
ini bisa digunakan sebagai isolator dari rangkaian tegangan rendah kerangkaian
tegangan tinggi. Selain itu juga bisa dipakai sebagai pendeteksi adanya penghalang
antara transmitter dan receiver dengan memberi ruang uji dibagian tengah antara
led dengan photo transistor. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LM
741</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai Penguat Non Inverting</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rangkaian untuk penguat non-inverting adalah seperti yang
ditunjukkan gambar </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penguat tersebut dinamakan penguat non-inverting karena
masukan dari penguat tersebut adalah masukan non-inverting dari Op Amp. Tidak
seperti penguat inverting, sinyal keluaran penguat jenis ini sefasa dengan
sinyal masukannya. Seperti pada rangkaian penguat inverting syarat ideal sebuah
penguat adalah tegangan masukan sama dengan 0 dan impedansi masukan tak
terhingga. sehingga dari rangkaian tersebut dapat diperoleh rumus penguat
adalah sebagai berikut :               
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LM 741 Sebagai Komparator</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAplCeKqZNTYE7unbxoBJ8kl0CO0U2NK4sHhkcoZEDPSvyXAFFOHRLsx2X00jFm70NpdJ-iNgTrDbYcUU4XB6gdeIoEaa9ZdvwGu9g5MNbqPS8yI50puwz8mTxeh3e0t52aDBPy8ZBAMQ/s1600/apf7.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="331" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAplCeKqZNTYE7unbxoBJ8kl0CO0U2NK4sHhkcoZEDPSvyXAFFOHRLsx2X00jFm70NpdJ-iNgTrDbYcUU4XB6gdeIoEaa9ZdvwGu9g5MNbqPS8yI50puwz8mTxeh3e0t52aDBPy8ZBAMQ/s320/apf7.PNG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara umum prinsip kerja rangkaian komparator adalah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">membandingkan amplitudo dua buah sinyal, jika +Vin dan
−Vin masing-masing menyatakan amplitudo sinyal <i>input</i> tak membalik dan <i>input</i>
membalik, Vo dan Vsat masing-masing menyatakan tegangan <i>output</i> dan tegangan
saturasi, maka prinsip dasar dari komparator adalah :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">+Vin  ≥ −Vin maka Vo = Vsat+  </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">+Vin  < −Vin maka Vo = Vsat−  </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan:</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">+Vin    = Amplitudo sinyal input tak
membalik (V)</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">−Vin    = Amplitudo sinyal input
membalik (V)</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vsat+   = Tegangan saturasi + (V)</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vsat−   = Tegangan saturasi - (V)</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vo       = Tegangan
output (V)</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">       </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LM 7493 SEBAGAI COUNTER</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">IC 7493 adalah IC TTL yang dapat
digunakan sebagai pembagi 16</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">IC ini adalah sebuah decade counter yang mencacah
empat bit dari 0000 (desimal 0) sampai 1111 (desimal 15) digunakan pembagi
15.  Rangkaian dalamnya terdiri dari empat buah flip-flop berderet dan
gerbang-gerbang khusus yang digunakan untuk mereset flip-flop. Gambar rangkaian
dalam, tabel kebenaran, tabel fungsi reset / count dan spesifikasi  lain
dari IC 7493 dapat dilihat pada lampiran datasheet.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Counter adalah serangkaian
komponen digital yang difungsikan sebagai penghitung data/input yang masuk. Inputnya
berupa clock yaitu suatu kondisi dimana input bergerak dari low (0) ke high
(1).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan cara kerjanya, maka counter dapat digolongkan, menjadi 3 yaitu
:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Up Counter</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DownCounter</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prinsip
Kerja Rangkaian 4 BIT Binary Counter</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebelum
perhitungan dimulai, keempat output DCBA 0000 dengan jalan dibuat Clear dalam
kondisi 0 walaupun sesaat. Pada saat pulsa pertama datang dan bergerak dari 1
ke 0 maka output QA akan berubah dari 0 menjadi 1. Output QB akan tetap 0
karena signal yang masuk pada Flip-Flop "B" berubah dari 0 menjadi 1
Flip-Flop C dan C output-nya juga tidak berubah karena belum ada perubahan pada
bagian output-nya. dalam keadaan inii, kondisi output DCBA = 0001. Jadi sesudah
pulsa yang pertama pada output counter akan terbentuk angka 0001 dan pada saat
pulsa kedua datang dan bergerak dari 1 menjadi 0, maka output QA akan berubah
dari menjadi 0. Perubahan ini akan diteruskan ke Flip-Flop "B".
Akibatnya karena input Flip-Flop "B" berubah dari 0 ke 1, maka output
QB akan berubah dari 0 ke 1. Output Flip-Flop C dan D belum berubah karen belum
ada perubahan pada bagian output-nya. Setelah pulsa kedua datang, maka keempat
output DCBA akan menunjukkan DCBA = 0010, selanjutnya apabila pulsa ketiga
datang output DCBA = 0011. Begitulah seterusnya sampai pulsa ke 15 datang maka
keempat output-nya DCBA = 1111 dan pada saat pulsa ke 16 datang, maka seluruh
output-nya DCBA akan kembali menjadi 0000. Dari uraian di atas, maka dapat
ditarik kesimpulan bahwa BCD Counter 4 BIT Binary Counter hanya bisa menghitung
sampai bilangan ke 16 yaitu dari mulai 0000 = 0 sampai 1111 = 15</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">                       Diagram waktu dari 4-BIT Binary
counter adalah seperti gambar dibawah ini :</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEionr50Ax4KIPypAD8QnxuvNVkdIE4NHU8d74QPIBbeN_dfC6Wgf__VswuOJ4jHr3YrnpksIK49-766aowghgAcaA59_oBS79NyaYCCqiy0Jqgr_W81OZPFvlfuX27Xzlk1tR2TF-MyFZU/s1600/apf9.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="334" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEionr50Ax4KIPypAD8QnxuvNVkdIE4NHU8d74QPIBbeN_dfC6Wgf__VswuOJ4jHr3YrnpksIK49-766aowghgAcaA59_oBS79NyaYCCqiy0Jqgr_W81OZPFvlfuX27Xzlk1tR2TF-MyFZU/s320/apf9.PNG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">                     Kalau kita perhatikan dari gambar
diatas akan terlihat frekuensi :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">                     frekuensi QA = 1/2 dari Ain</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">                     frekuensi QB = 1/4 dari Ain<br />                    
frekuensi QC = 1/8 dari Ain<br />                      rekuensi QD = 1/16 dari Ain<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">                  Dengan demikian maka 4 BIT Binary
Counter mampu membagi frekuensi menjadi 16 kali. Oleh karena itu  4 BIT
Binary Counter dapat juga disebut DIVIDE BY 16 COUNTER atau MODULUS 16 Proses
menghitung seperti di atas lebih jelasnya pada tabel di bawah ini:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">                   Pulsa  </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">  
    </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">           </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">D</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">B</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />                  
Keadaan Awal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">      </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 0</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0<br />                  
Pulsa ke-I     </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">       </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 0 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1<br />                  
Pulsa ke-2 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">          </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />                  
Pulsa ke-3</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">          </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<br />                  
Pulsa ke-4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">            </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>0 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0<br />                  
Pulsa ke-5 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">          </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1<br />                  
Pulsa ke-6</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">            </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 0 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0<br />                  
Pulsa ke-7 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">           </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1<br />                  
Pulsa ke-8</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">            </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 1</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0<br />                  
Pulsa ke-9 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">           </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1<br />                  
Pulsa ke-10</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">          </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 1</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0<br />                  
Pulsa ke-11</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">          </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 1</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1<br />                  
Pulsa ke-12</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">          </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 1</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> 
</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0<br />                  
Pulsa ke-13</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">          </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 1 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>0  1 <br />                  
Pulsa ke-14 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">         </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1  1</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0 <br />                  
Pulsa ke-15</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">          </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 1 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<br />                  
Pulsa ke-16 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">         </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">0<br />
<br />             
Seperti Keadaan Awal<br />              Pulsa ke-17</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">          </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 0</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Seperti Pulsa ke-1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LM 7447 SEBAGAI DECODER</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">D</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ecoder
adalah suatu rangkaian logika yang dapat dipergunakan untuk merubah bilangan
biner menjadi bilangan decimal</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang dapat dilihat oleh mata kita</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Merupakan </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rangkaian logika yang
mengubah suatu kode input<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>biner N bit
menjadi beberapa output sedemikian rupa sehingga tiap-tiap output hanya akan
diaktifkan oleh salah satu dari kemungkinan kombinasi-kombinasi input.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengubah
biner ke desimal diperlukan dekoder BCD ke desimal. Rangkaian dasar dari
dekoder BCD ke desimal dapat dilihat yaitu terdapat 4 buah inputan A, B, C, D.
Yang mana keempat inputan ini diperoleh dari keluaran pencacah biner</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtyuS0D6eSwHd_o62iOMEhsX-mkuN7qmCNnKJBRScq4zeP9w-oruQjzRrzQ70y7ldGEKubci4P4irN77Xgsf0yBx2nDbznuGRj32zTjK3htvzxZIypiKM9g7Dv8Sc8hp-ODU-TshbFbbE/s1600/apf10.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="242" data-original-width="375" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtyuS0D6eSwHd_o62iOMEhsX-mkuN7qmCNnKJBRScq4zeP9w-oruQjzRrzQ70y7ldGEKubci4P4irN77Xgsf0yBx2nDbznuGRj32zTjK3htvzxZIypiKM9g7Dv8Sc8hp-ODU-TshbFbbE/s320/apf10.PNG" width="320" /></a></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">IC TTL</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> 7447</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> tersebut digunakan untuk driver 7
segment common anoda. IC dekoder BCD ke 7 segment sering juga dikenal sebagai
driver display 7 segment karena selalu digunakan untuk memberikan driver sumber
tegangan ke penampil 7 segment.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9ZbWUTo-L00yfzOy8DC-VY-hLjLKIr_dp2ntvToHbAtLMLicJM1Nc1MyVwIQ6IARJR66-DOcj5nm5vkRonzQifVbUHVRAwwIC-2PL_84WJdXjzgfu33AP0IIAhEJ8e7xyYn5Hvt1kFv0/s1600/apf11.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="519" data-original-width="395" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9ZbWUTo-L00yfzOy8DC-VY-hLjLKIr_dp2ntvToHbAtLMLicJM1Nc1MyVwIQ6IARJR66-DOcj5nm5vkRonzQifVbUHVRAwwIC-2PL_84WJdXjzgfu33AP0IIAhEJ8e7xyYn5Hvt1kFv0/s640/apf11.PNG" width="486" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 175.5pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">               
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PROSEDUR
PRAKTEK</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Siapkan
alat dan komponen</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Periksa
komponen yang digunakan baik/rusak sesuai dengan rangkaian</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rakit
rangkaian sesuai wiring yang diberikan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Atur
Power Supplu DC +5V dan -5V</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hitung
penguatan (A) pada rangkaian penguat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hitung
Vreferensi pada rangkaian</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">komparator</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 175.5pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Amati
cara kerja rangkaian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 175.5pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jelaskan
cara kerja rangkaian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 175.5pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Buat
kesimpulan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 175.5pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VI.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">            
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CARA
KERJA RANGKAIAN </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">Ketika belum ada film yang
masuk, cahaya maksimum mengenai photo transistor yang berada di dalam
optocoupler. Secara otomatis, basis akan memproses cahaya menjadi arus electron
yang akan mengalir dari basis menuju emitter. Begitu juga akan ada arus
electron mengalir dari collector ke emitter, sehingga tegangan Vo atau tegangan
pada kaki collector mendekati 0 volt.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">Ketika
film masuk, maka akan tertutup, cahaya LED tidak akan mengenai photo
transistor, maka photo transistor tidak akan bekerja. Tidak akan ada arus yang
mengalir, maka tegangan Vo atau tegangan pada kaki collector maksimal +5 volt.
Maka terjadilah proses pengisian kapasitor. Selama proses pengisian ada arus
maju, maka akan muncul tegangan dan lama-lama arus akan habis dan kembali ke 0,
berdasarkan proses tersebut maka munculah tegangan sesaat.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">Ketika
film lewat (tidak ada film lagi) maka photo transistor bekerja kembali,
terjadilah proses pengosongan kapasitor, dan terjadilah pulsa negative sesaat.
Yang diproses IC 741 hanyalah pulsa positive.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">Ketika
ada tegangan sesaat yang masuk ke IC 741 penguat maka akan dikuatkan sebesar 11
kali dengan rumus yang sudah dijelaskan diatas. Munculah tegangan output sesaat
pada pin 6 IC 741 penguat. Tegangan ini kemudian akan menjadi tegangan input IC
741 pembanding yang kemudian akan dibandingkan dengan V<sub>reff. </sub>Jika <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">V<sub>in  </sub>> V<sub>reff </sub> </span>terjadi
tegangan (+) saturasi pada output IC 741 pembanding. Dan sebaliknya jika <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">V<sub>in  </sub>< V<sub>reff</sub>  </span>terjadi
tegangan 0 volt atau (–) saturasi.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">Dari
output IC 741 pembanding akan masuk ke counter yaitu IC 7493 melalui pin 14. IC
7493 akan bekerja jika mendapat (+) saturasi. Output dari IC 7493 berupa
bilangan biner 4 digit. Sebelum ada tegangan yang masuk mula-mula outputnya 0
semua.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">Output
IC 7493 kemudian akan diproses oleh decoder yaitu IC 7447. Tugas dari decoder
disini yaitu merubah kode bilangan biner 4 digit menjadi kode yang bisa
diterjemahkan 7 segment menjadi bentuk sebuah angka. Output IC 7447 ini
berjumlah 7 yang sesuai dengan jumlah LED pada 7 segment yang membentuk angka.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: none 1.0pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">Kondisi
awal saat alat bekerja yaitu tampilan 7 segment angka 0. Berarti bagian LED
pada 7 segment yang menyala adalah A, B, C, D, E dan F. Saat film pertama
masuk, tampilan 7 segment akan berubah menjadi angka 1. Berarti bagian LED pada
7 segment yang menyala adalah B dan C. Begitu seterusnya sampai muncul angka 9
dan kembali lagi ke angka 0. Proses diatas akan terus berulang-ulang, selama
ada proses keluar masuknya film.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VII.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">         
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">HASIL PRAKTIKUM</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">           </span>Pada praktikum kali<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> 
</span>penguatannya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>di dapat adalah
sebesar 22,3 x dan Vref nya sebesar 2,5 V</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO9xKVc7ra-QWbTBR-3Xoea1-4DKwMzYHuPYMq__kjTwbKtOLjcdRg0-EbHBrJqLG5quRq81UgaIoypS81YuN1NNDmj5Ev5mTM-rJ7xqdCcekf8oh2__zxYyasqx9GUeq4nG9EEl3jMAI/s1600/apf12.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="254" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO9xKVc7ra-QWbTBR-3Xoea1-4DKwMzYHuPYMq__kjTwbKtOLjcdRg0-EbHBrJqLG5quRq81UgaIoypS81YuN1NNDmj5Ev5mTM-rJ7xqdCcekf8oh2__zxYyasqx9GUeq4nG9EEl3jMAI/s640/apf12.PNG" width="294" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VIII.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">           </span>Dan hasil praktek kali ini dapat
disimpulkan bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">rangkaian bekerja dimulai dari</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
memberi supply tegangan ke rangkaian yakni sens</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">or </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">otocopler, lalu penguat non inverting, comparator,
counter, decoder lalu yang terakhir adalah pada display</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">7segmen.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Apabila pada</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> otoc</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">o</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">pler</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seperti saklar tertutup</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (tidak dimasuki film)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">maka arus yang </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tersambung</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> adalah</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> ke ground dan rangkaian akan low yang menyebabkan
rangkaian-rangkaian selanjunya tidak berjalan. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanda yang diberikan oleh rangkaian ini adalah led merah
mati dan led hijau menyala</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">K</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">tika
otocopler terputus</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> (dilewati film)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> maka </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">photo</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">transist</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">or</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">nya akan tidak
berfungsi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
ditandai </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">led merah akan
menyala sedangkan led hijau mati,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
dan</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">menyebabkan pengisian kapasitor dan masuknya arus ke
rangkaian penguat non inverting.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">setelah dikuatkan k</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">emudian
terus masuk ke rangkaian komparator dan pulsa akan dibuat bergelombang kotak
atau saturasi. Kemudian melewati diode untuk </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">mendapatkan masukan 0 atau 1</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> ke rangkaian cou</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">nter</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> untuk dijumlahkan, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> kemudian masuk ke rangkaian decoder untuk menerjemahkan
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">logika bilangan
biner menjadi bilangan decimal</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">yang dapat dilihat oleh mata kita</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan hasilnya di
keluarkan dengan menggunakan display seven segment yang mengeluarkan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">angka 0 – 9 seperti yang sudah di rencanakan hal ini juga
menandakan bahwa komponen – komponen yang kami gunakan dalam kondisi baik
semua.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">SUMBER :</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Laporan Praktikum ELektronika - Teknik Elektromedik Poltekkes Jakarta II Angkatan 2014</span></div>
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LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM ELEKTRONIKA TERAPAN : SISTEM RANGKAIAN PENGHITUNG JUMLAH FILM PADA ALAT APF (Automatic Processing Film)